Smoking But Not Past Smoking Causes Depression: In a 3, 5, and 10-year follow-up of young adults, current daily smoking, but not past smoking, was associated with an 82% increase in subsequent occurrence of suicidal thoughts or attempts, independent of prior depression and substance use disorders (OR = 1.82). Smoking and the risk of suicidal behavior: a prospective study of a community sample. Breslau N, Schultz LR, et al. Michigan State University. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;62(3):328-34.

Smoking Risk Factor: Study 1999 of 1810 DM Nation Health Interview Survey sample found age <64 years, female sex, at least high school education, income <124% of federal poverty level, perceived worsening of health status, and smoking were risk factors for depression. Independent factors associated with major depressive disorder in a national sample of individuals with diabetes. Egede LE, Zheng D. Diabetes Care 2003 Jan;26(1):104-11

Smoking Causes Depression: Study of teens found those picking up smoking had four times as much depression after one year. 9/00.

Smoking Cessation Decreases Depression: Continuous abstinence was associated with short- and long-term reductions in depressive symptoms. MDE incidence during follow-up was 15.3% and was not associated with abstinence. Unexpected was that CBT-D was associated with greater negative mood and depressive symptoms. 179 smokers with MDD attempting to d/c were in study. Brown Univ. Negative mood, depressive symptoms, and major depression after smoking cessation treatment in smokers with a history of major depressive disorder. Kahler CW, Brown RA, Ramsey SE, Niaura R, Abrams DB, Goldstein MG, Mueller TI, Miller IW. J Abnorm Psychol 2002 Nov;111(4):670-5

Smoking: Suicide Attempts Increased and Serotonin Decreased by Smoking: Among all 347 depr and schiz patients, smokers were more likely to have made a suicide attempt (adjusted odds ratio=2.60, 95% confidence interval=1.60-4.23) and had higher suicidal ideation and lifetime aggression scores, compared with nonsmokers. An inverse relationship was observed between amount of cigarette smoking and both indices of serotonin function. Cigarette smoking, suicidal behavior, and serotonin function in major psychiatric disorders. Malone KM, Waternaux C, Haas GL, Cooper TB, Li S, Mann JJ. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Apr;160(4):773-9, Columbia U

Smoking Increases Injury Death Internationally: With an RR 1.69, a meta-analysis found extremely strong p values showing increases independent of alcohol. UC-Davis. Prev Med 11/98;27:871

Smoking Causes Depression: Pediatrics 10/00. Prospective study of over 8,000 teens found non-smokers 4.8% developed depr in 1 yr f/u vs. 12% smokers. U Cinn

Smoking Followed Depression: Interviews with adult population samples (1952, 1970, and 1992) and followed cohorts (1952-1970 and 1970-1992). Logistic regression models and survival regressions were used to analyze the data. The associations between smoking and depression were small and nonsignificant in 1952 and 1970. In 1992, however, the odds that a smoker would be depressed were three times the odds that a nonsmoker would be depressed. The interaction between smoking and study year was significant, indicating that the association was limited to the most recent sample. In the cohort analysis, smoking at baseline did not predict the onset of depression, but subjects who became depressed were more likely to start or continue smoking and less likely to quit than those who never had a depression. MGH Harvard. Cigarette smoking in relation to depression: historical trends from the Stirling County Study. Murphy JM, Horton NJ, Monson RR, Laird NM, Sobol AM, Leighton AH. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;160(9):1663-9